Basic Linux Commands List

The purpose of this blog entry is to document a few basic Linux commands that i find useful. I'm fairly new to Linux and recording these commands gives me a point of reference and helps me remember them.

It's important to note that in Linux syntax is case sensitive.

I am using Ubuntu so my syntax may differ slightly to yours if you are using another distro. If you want to learn more about any of the commands i list try the following:

Speed Up Your Server Performance With Nginx

Apache is one of the best well known web server, that run in all platform, but usually on Linux in production mode. Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functionality. Both static files (css, js, html, image files) and dynamic files (php, pl, py, etc.) are served equally using same amount of resources. Which will cause bottleneck in system performance when your website have lot of static files and lot of traffic.

Install Operamini And Opera Mobile On Ubuntu

OPERAMINI:-

 1. First of all, your Ubuntu Linux should have Java Run-Time Environment (JRE). If your Ubuntu is not having that, then go ahead and install the same by typing below lines on terminal.
Type below line on terminal,
sudo add-apt-repository ‘deb http://archive.canonical.com/ lucid partner’
Now update the source list by typing this,
sudo apt-get update
Now install sun java packages by typing this,

Installing Linux On Your Pc Part 3

Installing Linux:

The process is fairly straightforward.

1. Use the BIOS to ensure that your machine always tries to boot from the CD-drive before looking to the hard-drive.
2. Put Linux CD 1 in the CD-drive.
3. Reboot your machine.
4. You should see the Linux installer start up.
5. Follow the directions for installing a "Workstation" version of Linux.
6. When you get to the section concerning partitioning you will be asked "Remove all data on this drive?" Click NO. You want to select "keep all existing partitions and install Linux on existing free space". Also, here you will be offered the opportunity to have the installer automatically partition. Accept that, but also make sure you check the "review partitions" checkbox. The automatic scheme creates a single large "/" partition. On the next page you will be able to add other partitions (e.g., /home, /var, /usr, etc.).
7. In "Network configuration", you will probably want to use DHCP if your PC is connected to an existing network (i.e., a cable modem, DSL, etc.) Otherwise you can manually set it to an address different from that of any other machines in your home.
8. When you get to the section in which you specify a superuser password, you should also make sure to create a regular user account. It is good practice to never log directly into a linux box as the superuser (i.e., "root") Instead, log in as a regular user, then use the "su" command from a terminal window to temporarily switch to superuser mode. Alternatively, whenever you try, as a regular user, to run a tool or application that requires superuser capabilities, you will be prompted to enter the root password.
9. In the "Firewall Configuration" section, you should enable SSH and HTTP.
10. When you get to the section concerning selection of packages, choose to manually select them, because you will want to make sure that the installation includes Apache and MySQL. You do not need DNS server, Mail server, News server, etc., unless you really want to set up a server for those services--and I don't think you do.
11. After all the packages are installed (which can take about an hour), you will be asked to provide a floppy that will be configured so that you can use it to boot into Linux mode explicitly.
12. When you are all done, reboot the machine. After the BIOS finishes you should get a GRUB or LILO window allowing you to select which system you will boot to: DOS (Windows) or Linux.

Other Stuff

Here are some URL's for other issues related to Linux installation and dual-booting.
Linux can access other filesystem partitions:
http://tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/compatibility.html
Dual booting linux/NT: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/LILO-3.html#ss3.2
also: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Linux+WinNT.html , and: http://classes.csumb.edu/CST/CST434-01/world/DualBoot.html (though I think this last one is obsolete with newer versions of RedHat.)
Dual booting to many other OS's:
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/os.html#OSBOOT 
read more

Installing Linux On Your Pc Part 2

Using Partition Magic

1. Place the CD in your drive.
2. Run the installer.
3. You will be asked to create two "rescue" floppy diskettes. Make sure you do this, in case something goes wrong during the repartitioning.
4. When asked, DO NOT register the software, as the serial numbers are already registered with EMU.
5. Run Partition Magic.
6. You want to use the "Resize/Move" operation to change the size of your existing DOS partition. The program shows a small graphic of your existing partitions, below which is a text menu of the partitions (there is probably just one, the DOS partition). Select it, then choose to resize it.
7. Shrink the DOS partition so that you create at least 3GB of free space on your hard-drive (5 or 6 would be much better.) You do not want to define a new partition within the free space (the Linux installer will do that), just leave the space "free" (unoccupied).
8. You have to click on the "apply" button. Eventually you'll get a dialog box telling you the system has to reboot into DOS mode, or some such. Say okay.
9. The machine should reboot into Windows. If you look at the properties of your hard-drive icon (C:) you should that the disk space is smaller than it was. read more

Installing Linux On Your Pc Part 1

Dual-Booting

The easiest method is convert a PC having a single hard-drive into an exclusively Linux-based machine. This would necessitate losing everything on that hard-drive and installing Linux on it. Many people, however, own only one PC, and would like to continue using that PC as a Windows box. If you are of that type, you should consider setting up your (or a) PC as a "dual-boot" machine, capable of booting either into Windows or Linux.
There are two ways to do this, neither is very complicated. The simplest is if your PC has two hard-drives. Just move everything off the smaller-capacity drive onto the larger, then run the Linux installer, being careful to install Linux on the (now redundant) smaller-capacity drive. After the installation, you can use the PC's BIOS to select which drive to boot from.
The more complicated (but still easy) method is to provide a spare partition on a hard-drive onto which to install Linux. The main difficulty here is that most people, when installing Windows, do not provide multiple partitions; their hard-drive consists of a single, large partition, with Windows already installed on it. In that case, you'll have to create a new partition by shrinking the existing one. The trick is to do this without losing any of the data on the existing partition.
Partition Magic (and similar software) repartitions hard-drives without losing data (hopefully!) It rearranges the data on a partition so that it is clustered to "one side" of the partition, and then changes the partition definition table on the drive. The end result is that you have free space on your drive onto which you can install Linux. read more

What Is LINUX?

definition -

Linux (often pronounced LIH-nuhks with a short "i") is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fast-performing system. Linux's kernel (the central part of the operating system) was developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in Finland. To complete the operating system, Torvalds and other team members made use of system components developed by members of the Free Software Foundation for the GNU Project.
Linux is a remarkably complete operating system, including a graphical user interface, an X Window System, TCP/IP, the Emacs editor, and other components usually found in a comprehensive Unix system. Although copyrights are held by various creators of Linux's components, Linux is distributed using the Free Software Foundation's copyleft stipulations that mean any modified version that is redistributed must in turn be freely available.
Unlike Windows and other proprietary systems, Linux is publicly open and extendible by contributors. Because it conforms to the Portable Operating System Interface standard user and programming interfaces, developers can write programs that can be ported to other operating systems. Linux comes in versions for all the major microprocessor platforms including the Intel, PowerPC, Sparc, and Alpha platforms. It's also available on IBM's S/390. Linux is distributed commercially by a number of companies. A magazine, Linux Journal, is published as well as a number of books and pocket references.
Linux is sometimes suggested as a possible publicly-developed alternative to the desktop predominance of Microsoft Windows. Although Linux is popular among users already familiar with Unix, it remains far behind Windows in numbers of users. However, its use in the business enterprise is growing.
Linux is a contraction for Linus' Unix; the short i sound preferred by most (including Torvalds) derives from the Swedish pronunciation of Linus. read more